The Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxies

The Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxies The optical morphology of galaxies varies according to environment. In a rich cluster, galaxies will usually be elliptical, S0 and cD galaxies. In lower density regions irregular and spiral galaxies are more commonly found. Such low density regions include near the edges of galaxy clusters, in groups, on the outer edges of rich clusters, or as a relatively isolated galaxy. Examples of irregular galaxies that follow this pattern include those in the Local Group (e.g. NGC3109, Sextans A and B) and the irregular galaxies that can be found on the outskirts of the Virgo Cluster. In high density regions there is the likelihood of more interactions that could lead to alterations in morphology, for example galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-cluster interactions. These types of interactions could explain why there are fewer spiral galaxies in high density regions. The merging of two spiral galaxies of similar size is thought to result in the formation of an elliptical galaxy. Spiral galaxies that fall into the intracluster medium are thought to lose a significant proportion of their interstellar medium due to the effects of ram pressure stripping, resulting in a S0 or dwarf spheroidal galaxy. In the centre of a rich galaxy cluster it is common to find a luminous elliptical galaxy (such as M87 in the Virgo cluster), these are likely to have formed from the merger of several smaller galaxies and in some cases can result in the formation of a cD galaxy. An example of the morphological distribution of galaxies in a rich cluster can be seen in the Virgo cluster which has the c D galaxy M87 at its centre and a high proportion of elliptical and S0 galaxies surrounding M87. The impact that environment has on dwarf galaxies is not so well known since these galaxies are fainter and thus more difficult to observe. 1b) The luminosity of galaxies also varies with optical morphology. On average spiral and irregular galaxies are brighter than ellipticals or S0 galaxies of a similar mass. Spiral and irregular galaxies have a higher content of very young stars whereas S0 and elliptical galaxies contain older, less bright stars. However, since galaxies can vary significantly in size then the luminosity needs to be looked at over a range of galaxy types and sizes. Elliptical galaxies exhibit the widest variation in size and luminosity. The luminosity of ellipticals can be in the range 3 x 105 to 1011Lsun and this is due to them ranging in size from extreme dwarfs to cD galaxies. A dwarf elliptical such as M32 has a luminosity of 1.995 x 109Lsun (source: Grebel, 2003) and a cD galaxy such as NGC 6166 has a luminosity of 3.7 x1011Lsun (source: Bender, 2015). There is less variation in size for spiral galaxies and they can only be found as large or giant systems, consequently spiral galaxies have luminos ities over the range 108 to 2 x 1010Lsun. A typical spiral galaxy such as the Milky Way has a luminosity of 2.5 x 1010Lsun (source: Grebel, 2003). Irregular galaxies have luminosities in the range 107 to 109Lsun and therefore are not as bright as some of the giant spirals. In the Local Group there are dwarf irregular galaxies such as NGC 6822 which has a luminosity of 9.4 x 107Lsun and larger irregular galaxies such as the Large Magellanic Cloud which has a luminosity of 2.5 x 1010Lsun (source: Grebel, 2003). . The Milky Way and Andromeda are due to merge with each other in approximately 2 billion years. As the two galaxies get closer the biggest changes will be caused by the gravitational effects of the two galaxies and the friction caused between the gas and dust. These early effects will result in the shape of the galaxies being altered when stars are forced out of their orbits. Ultimately, how both galaxies are affected by the merger process will be dependent on the collision angle, speed of the galaxies, their size and composition. Material from the outer disks of both galaxies will be stripped off and form tidal tails. During the merger process the orbits of the stars will become random and have little order. It is unlikely that any stars will collide with each other as they are so far apart. However, some stars will be ejected from the final galaxy. As the galaxies collide clouds of hydrogen gas will accumulate and be compressed enough to trigger gravitational collapse and thus begin the star formation process. During the merger process the dark matter is unlikely to interact and will remain unchanged. The Sun will be moved from its present orbit and is likely to end up in the outer halo of the newly formed galaxy at a radius >30kpc as part of an extended tidal tail. There is also the small possibility that the Sun could be ejected from the galaxy altogether. As the two black holes at the centre of each galaxy approach within 1 light year of each other they will begin to emit gravitational waves. This energy will radiate out, affecting the orbits of stars. It is possible that the gas accumulated by the black hole merger could create a luminous quasar or an active galactic nucleus in the centre of the newly formed galaxy. Since the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are similar in size, then their spiral structures will be destroyed during the collision and the new single larger system will result in a giant elliptical galaxy.

Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation

In this essay I intend to analyse the attachment theory of well-known British psychiatrist Dr John Bowlby. I will examine both the primary and secondary research behind the theory and look at some of the arguments against it before going on to explore the impact Bowlby’s research has had on the early years setting. Edward John Mostyn Bowlby was born in London on February 26th 1907 to a fairly upper-middle class family. His parents were of the belief that too much parental affection would in fact spoil a child and therefore spent very little time with him, as little as one hour per day.His primary care-giver was the family nanny until, when he was four years old, the nanny left. Bowlby later described this as being: â€Å"as tragic as the loss of a mother† (www. mentalhelp. net/poc/view_doc. php? type=doc;id=10104;cn=28) He was then sent away to boarding school at the age of seven. It is therefore entirely comprehensible that he became increasingly sensitive to childrenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s suffering and how it appeared to be connected to their future mental health. Bowlby began his study at Trinity College Cambridge where he studied psychology.He excelled academically and spent time working with delinquent children. He then went on to study medicine at University College Hospital and enrolled in the Institute of Psychoanalysis. Upon his graduation he began working at Maudesley Hospital as a psychoanalyst. It was while studying medicine that he volunteered in a children’s residential home and began to develop his interest in children who appeared to him to be emotionally disturbed. While working in the residential home he encountered two particular children who intrigued him.The first of these was a very isolated, affectionless teenager who had no permanent, stable mother figure and the second was a young boy of seven or eight who followed Bowlby around constantly. This led him to speculate that there was a possible link between a child’s mental health problems and their early childhood experiences. It was generally believed by many early theorists that the need to make a bond with a mother or mother substitute was part of our ‘biological inheritance’ and Bowlby’s experience and observations lead him to whole-heartedly agree.The resulting body of work and research carried out by Bowlby became known as the attachment theory. It was his firm belief that babies are ‘biologically programmed’ to be dependant on their mother. He went so far as to say that there was a ‘critical period’ in a child’s life from birth to age three where the child would be irreparably damaged psychologically by a prolonged absence from the mother. He referred to this absence as ‘maternal deprivation’. He wrote in his book, first published in 1953; Prolonged breaks (in the mother-child relationship) during the first three years of life leave a characteristic impression on the childâ€℠¢s personality. Such children appear emotionally withdrawn and isolated and consequently have no friendships worth the name† (pg 39, Bowlby J. Child Care and the Growth of Love, 1974) While working at the Child Guidance Clinic in London in the 30s and 40s Bowlby began to suspect that not only was a child’s mental health affected by the lack of bond with their mother but there may well be a correlation between delinquent behaviour in children and ‘maternal deprivation’.This led him to carry out his own study between 1936 and 1939 to try and prove this to be the case. The resulting scientific paper was published in 1946 and entitled 44 Juvenile Thieves. The study involved Bowlby selecting 88 children from the clinic. Of this group of children 44 had been referred to him for theft and 44 had been referred due to emotional problems. Half the children in each group were aged between five and eleven years of age and the other half were between twelve and sixteen. There were thirty-one boys and thirteen girls in the first group and thirty-four boys and ten girls in the second.The two groups were roughly matched for age and IQ. On arrival at the clinic, each child had their IQ tested by a psychologist and at the same time a parent was interviewed by a social worker to establish and record details of the child’s early life. Bowlby, the psychiatrist at the clinic, then conducted an initial interview with the child and parent. The 3 professionals then met to compare notes. Bowlby then went on to conduct a series of further interviews with the child and/or parent over the next few onths to gather more in-depth information about the history of the child, specifically in their early years. Bowlby considered his findings to be entirely conclusive. Of the 44 thieves Bowlby diagnosed 32% as ‘affectionless psychopaths’. He described this condition as involving a lack of emotional development in the children, leading to a lack of con cern for others, a lack of guilt and an inability to form meaningful and/or lasting relationships. Bowlby concluded that this condition was the precise reason why these children were capable of stealing.His speculation was further strengthened when he discovered that 86% of the children with affectionless psychopathy had experienced a long period of maternal deprivation in the first five years of their lives. They had spent the majority of their early years either in institutions or in hospital with little or no visitation from their parents. Interviews also showed that the majority of these children had been undemonstrative and unresponsive since approximately two years of age. Only 17% of the thieves who were not diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths had experienced maternal deprivation in the early years.Of the second group not one child proved to be affectionless and only two of them had experienced prolonged maternal separation. Bowlby concluded in the resulting paper; â€Å" There is a very strong case indeed for believing that prolonged separation of a child from his mother (or mother substitute) during the first five years of life stands foremost among the causes of delinquent character development† [Bowlby J. pg 41] Many have however argued that Bowlby’s findings were not reliable. It has been suggested that as the study was carried out retrospectively this may have tainted the results.It is possible that the parents or the children had not recalled events accurately or indeed that they had not responded truthfully to questioning in order to put themselves in a better light. Michael Rutter suggested in 1981 that some of the children in the study had never had a mother figure at all so their delinquency was not due to maternal deprivation but rather to ‘privation’ of any sort of loving attachment. Bowlby looked at research done by others which could support his own findings. He examined both animal studies done by Hinde and H arlow and Lorenz as well as child studies.He noted in particular the work of Rene Spitz and Katharine Wolf. Spitz and Wolf had observed 123 babies during the first few years of their lives while they were being looked after by their own mothers who were in prison. When the babies were between 6-8 months old their mothers were moved elsewhere within the prison for a period of three months and the babies were cared for by others inmates. Spitz and Wolf noted that the babies lost their appetite, cried more often and failed to thrive during this period of separation. Once the babies were returned to their mothers their behaviour returned to what it had been previous to the separation.These results certainly appeared to support Bowlby’s hypothesis however others disagreed. In Czechoslovakia in 1972 Koluchova wrote of twin boys who had suffered extreme deprivation. Their mother had died soon after the boys were born and their father struggled to cope on his own. At eleven months of age the boys were taken into care and were considered to be normal, healthy children. A few months later their father remarried and at the age of eighteen months the twins returned to their fathers care. Unfortunately the father worked away from home a great deal and their step-mother treated the boys horribly.They were beaten, given very little food, made to sleep on a plastic sheet on the floor and sometimes locked away in the cellar. This continued for five and a half years and when the boys were examined at the age of seven they were found to be severely mentally and physically retarded. The twins were hospitalised until they were able to be placed in a special school for mentally disturbed children. They coped well with their schooling and went on to be fostered by a very affectionate, kind lady and in her care they blossomed.By the age of 15 the boys IQ was normal for their age and their emotional health had improved immensely. Koluchova’s work would appear to demonstr ate that it is in fact possible for a child to recover from maternal deprivation in their early years if they are given the love, support and security required later in their childhood and that the results of maternal deprivation need not be permanent. Schaffer and Emerson also disputed Bowlby’s findings and argued that, although an infant needed to form a bond, children could form multiple attachments and they could benefit greatly from the attention of the extended family.They performed a study in Glasgow in 1964 where they observed 60 children from birth – eighteen months. They met with the mothers once a month and interviewed them to ascertain who the infant was smiling at, who they responded to etc. They found that many of the infants were forming numerous attachments. Twenty of the children studied were not attached to their mothers but to another adult, in some cases the father and in others another family member or even a neighbour. Schaffer states; â€Å"Ther e is, we must conclude, nothing to indicate any biological need for an exclusive primary bond† [Davenport G.C. pg 38] In 1950 the World Health Organisation, who had been following Bowlby’s work closely, commissioned him to write a report on the mental health of homeless children in post-war Europe. While researching the report Bowlby visited several countries and met with many childcare professionals and experts giving him the opportunity to look further into his theory on attachment and the importance of a strong bond between mother and child. His findings supported his thinking entirely and the report was written in six months and published in 1951, entitled Maternal Care and Mental Health.Bowlby went on to publish further papers and books and his findings and research on attachment and the mother child bond has had a profound impact on childcare in general and that of the early years setting. As Juliet Mickleburgh states in her article Attachment Theory and the Key P erson Approach â€Å"Bowlby's research is recognised as the foundation for our understanding of the centrality of making secure attachments in infancy. † [Juliet Mickleburgh, www. eyfs. info] There have been numerous changes to childcare practice since the 1940s and Bowlby’s influence must be acknowledged.It can be no coincidence that ‘family allowance’ was introduced in 1946 in the UK, the same year 44 Juvenile Thieves was published, making it affordable for mothers to stay at home with their children. Bowlby made a plea for reforms in the care of young children in hospital and advocated ‘rooming in’ where the baby stays with mother from birth in the maternity ward. Although some children’s hospitals were already extending visitation rights of parents many more followed their lead after the publication of Bowlby’s W. H. O report, ensuring that the mother/child bond remained as strong as possible.In the early years setting we hav e witnessed the implementation of the ‘Key Person Approach’ pioneered by Elinor Goldschmied. This approach recognises that an infant will be comforted by a secure relationship with one specific adult. We can now see this in practice in the nursery, each child has their own ‘Key Worker’ who has the duty of monitoring the child’s needs and development. This approach also accepts the need for parents and early years practitioners to work together rather than independently and the key worker regularly liaises with the parents regarding their child.Parents are also encouraged to become actively involved with the life of the nursery and to work in partnership with the nursery staff to provide their child with a positive, stable and stimulating learning environment. In my view as a parent and an early years practitioner I believe that Bowlby’s research has benefitted both children and families immensely. As a mother I feel that society supports my ri ght to be at home with my children until they go to school and that I am the child’s most vital resource in their early years, not only for nourishment but for their emotional development.To echo the words of John Major, Bowlby laid the foundation for mothers in the 21st century to go ‘back to basics’. As a practitioner I believe that the implementation of the ‘key person approach’ can be immensely beneficial for both the child and the parent. The child knows that there is always someone there to whom they can turn if necessary and the parent knows that there will always be someone looking out for their child in the setting and that he/she is being given the attention and care of a trained adult in their absence.I have witnessed first-hand in the nursery how a child who is upset by the departure of their mother can be comforted by the attention of their key worker. I have also observed how the key workers are constantly monitoring the children to pin point any needs, to witness the achievement of developmental milestones and to document this for the parents in the form of the Personal Learning Plan, a written and photographic record of the child’s achievements within the setting.In conclusion, although there have been arguments against Bowlby’s research methods many professionals agreed with his findings regarding the importance of a secure attachment in the early years. These findings, and undoubtedly those of others in the field, have led to positive reforms in childcare. As we progress through the 21st century women are feeling the need, either for financial reasons or the belief that they too have the right to work, I find myself asking will society continue to regard the bond between a mother and her child as paramount or will ‘maternal deprivation’ increase and society as a whole be damaged as a result?Bibliography www. mentalhelp. net/poc/view_doc. php? type=doc;id=10104;cn=28 Bowlby J. 1953. Ch ild Care and the Growth of Love, 2nd ed, England, Pelican Books Davenport G. C 1994. An Introduction to Child Development, 2nd ed, London, Collins Educational www. eyfs. info/articles/article. php? Attachment-Theory-and-the-Key-Person-Approach-66 .

Energy Saving Web - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2927 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? In this Web assignment of session I have to complete six tasks. Each task has different functionality. In the task-1 of this assignment I have done some web base research on some energy saving sites. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Energy Saving Web" essay for you Create order From these sites I have selected some sites which can be useful for completing my web site and completing the whole Web assignment. In the task-2 of this assignment I have created a Gantt chart which shows the time scale of completing each task and the total assignment. In the task-3 of this assignment I have created a site map of the overall web site. In the task-4 of this assignment I have created an HTML home page of energy saving. In the task-5 of this assignment I have created four energy saving activities. In the task-6 of this assignment I have created a report describing Publishing FAQs, Reader numbers, Way of measure the numbers of readers, Methods of Accepting questions and their response on Web page and FAQ. Online Research on Energy Saving Task-1: There is a large and growing number of websites that provide this type of material; however they differ considerably in their intended target audiences and their scope. Carry out some web-based research to collect information and ideas about energy saving. Make notes on the useful sites and bookmark them for future reference. Introduction: There are many website in internet on Saving Energy or Energy Saving. They are provided many services to their regular customer and potential customer. I have visited many web sites that are related with Energy Saving web site. All of these sites provide facilities for the online sale and ordering of Sport Tickets. Some of the sites give information about their companys past history and their success in the field of Energy Saving. But my main purpose was to look at their range of the product, their specific services they offer customers, and in which way they gather site visitor information. Some list of my visited sites: www.aceee.org [09.05.2008] www1.eere.energy.gov [09.05.2008] www.energysavingnow.com[09.05.2008] www.windtrap.co.uk[09.05.2008] www.energyquest.ca.gov [09.05.2008] www.energystar.gov[09.05.2008] www.espenergy.org[09.05.2008] www.hi-velocity.com[09.05.2008] www.energysavingtrust.org.uk.com[09.05.2008] www.carbontrust.co.uk [09.05.2008] www.Techtree.com[09.05.2008] www.Energybooks.com[09.05.2008] Site-1: www.hi-velocity.com [09.05.2008] Notes of the Site: Attractive home page. Good graphical presentation of energy saving. FAQs option is available for this sites visitor. This site has searching option for their user. Site-2: www.aceee.org [09.05.2008] Notes of the Site: Attractive home page and links. Online guide option available for sites visitors. End use of energy saving tips is available for users. This site has searching option for their user. Site-3: www.energysavingnow.com [09.05.2008] Notes of the Site: Links of important information are present on this web site. They have given information different energy sources of today. This site has different section for press visitor. Search for energy saving option for their user. Site-4: www.1.eere.energy.gov [09.05.2008] Notes of the Site: Attractive home page for their users. Links are displayed by images. Important information for energy saving are available. Site-5: www.windtrap.co.uk [09.05.2008] Notes of the Site: Attractive home page. Energy saving product are sold by this web site. Different prize are offered for the customer of this web site. They have different link for different product. Conclusion: After completing the Taks-1 of my Developing a Website I have most of the information which will be required for completing my assignment. Researching on energy saving on the internet gave me lot of newss about current energy saving activity and energy saving products. Task-2: Introduction: I am starting my project in the eighth date and I have made a project plan. This plan will help me to maintain the rules. The chart is give below: A project plan for the way I intended to complete the rest of the assignment. For planning use the time scale I have been allocated for this assignment. Name of the month with date 12 May 08 to 06 June 08 Month May-2008 June-2008 Date 09-11 12 13-17 18-24 25-31 01-02 03-06 Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Task1 Task2 Task3 Task4 Task5 Task6 Conclusion: This planning gave the target for doing the work in time. Site Map Task-3: Produce a Site Map for overall website concept showing how all the different types of information can be presented and, in particular, how navigation between the different pages will be organized. Keep in mind the need to make the site engaging and inspirational so that it will meet its objective. Site Map Home Energy Saving Activities Do not waste Bulbs FAQ Why Energy Save? Energy Saving Product Reduce Consumption Comments Add Comments View Comments Change Behavior Usage Style Search Kitchen Appliance Household Equipments Conclusion: After completing the Task-3 of my Developing a Website I have the complete designing concept about how I am going to design my whole web site. I am going to design me website as I have planned to design it. Home Page (Screen Shot) Figure 1: (TOP of the HOME Page) Figure 2: (Center of the HOME Page) Figure 3: (Bottom of the HOME Page) Activity Pages (Screen Shot) Figure 1: (TOP of the Change Behavior Page) Figure 2: (Bottom of the Change Behavior Page) Figure 3: (TOP of the Reduce Consumption Page) Figure 4: (Bottom of the Reduce Consumption Page) Figure 5: (TOP of the Usage Style Page) Figure 6: (Bottom of the Usage Style Page) Figure 7: (TOP of the Do Not Waste Page) Figure 8: (Bottom of the Do Not Waste Page) Task-6: Write a short report of not more than 2000 words describing: The methods that you might use to accept questions and publish them with an appropriate response on the advice pages. You do not want to make this a purely manual process. The way in which you would measure the numbers of readers and the usefulness of the questions and answers so that you can determine which should become FAQs? The methods and design ideas you might use to make it easy to publish the FAQs in a prominent way that is accessible from the home page, so that readers will want to return to the website to read them. FAQ:- FAQ is an acronym for Frequently Asked Questions. It is also Sometimes used as the singular Frequently Asked Question (Although When was the last time you heard only one question?). Some have called it Frequently Answered Questions as well. This Isnt necessarily correct, but it isnt necessarily wrong either. It Effectively has the same meaning. A compilation of Frequently Asked Questions (and their answers) is Referred to as a FAQ list or FAQ article. Sometimes the term FAQ Itself is used to refer to the article as an example, I refer to This article as a FAQ about FAQs. The term FAQ has a meaning of its own that could almost qualify it as A word of its own. Sometimes, FAQs are full of answers. Other times They are policy statements for USENET groups, without the Question and Answer format that is popular. FAQs fall into the realm of articles called Periodic Postings. In Addition to FAQs, other articles or compilations of information are Posted and/or archived. www.faqs.org [27.05.2008] Another definition of FAQ are Pronounced as separate letters, or as fak, and short for frequently asked questions, a FAQ is an online document that poses a series of common questions and answers on a specific topic. FAQs originated in Usenet groups as a way to answer questions about the rules of the service. Today, there are FAQs on the Web for many topics, ranging from programming languages to gardening tips. Here is another definition of FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions): FAQs are documents that list and answer the most common questions on a particular subject. There are hundreds of FAQs on subjects as diverse as Pet Grooming and Cryptography. FAQs are usually written by people who have tired of answering the same question over and over. Methods of Accepting questions and their response on Web page:- In the daily basis there are a lot of visitors who visit any web site. As well as any other web site energy saving web sites have a lot of visitors, who visit these sites daily or weekly basis. While visiting these sites they have many questions arising on their mind about these sites. Now the most common question arising how these questions can be received and given appropriate response about these questions. Questions can be received by many methods most common of them are e-mail based and response form. People or visitors can e-mail their responses or advises or questions to the particular sites owner or officials. Response form A response form contains many options as like visitors name, ID number, address, telephone number, email address, subject of question and a free space, which is used to taking question from the visitors. When a visitor submits response form, after finishing point then it is stored within web file. After that the web authority tries to response with appropriate answer to visitors. A response form contains some most important parts, which must be filling by visitors as like name, telephone, question etc. Email based It is another method to allow question from visitors. For this system, first visitors require an email account, which is used for throw mail to another email address. In relation to this method, company chooses an email address associated with their website to converse with company. The company gives notice through their website to launch mail about visitors inquiry. Then visitors can send mail with their questions. www.superb.net [27.05.2008] Another way of receiving questions is feedback form on the web site. While any visitors finish of his/her on the site then he/she can fill-up the form which will include the privilege of giving comments, asking questions and give personal information for feedback information or further notice. From both of these process questions can be received and saved or stored to the question memory and the most common questions can be answered automatically. Because these questions cannot be asked frequently and have no answers on the question memory. Publishing FAQs:- The web site officials of maintenance staff will maintain a question memory where the entire question will be saved which was asked by the visitors. FAQs can be published by filtering those questions by their asking rate and importance relating the sites subject. After filtering those questions it will be categorized by subject and importance and it will be published on a different section of the web site. FAQs PUBLISHING METHOD: ENERGY SAVING HOME ABOUT US ENERGY SAVING TIPS FAQS Energy saving: Energy saving is important for the world. Because day after day reducing energy source. Actually it has been created for many. Why energy saving: Energy saving and production is the burning issue of the world. Now days the world.. Copy rights: Energy saving 2008. Fig: Homepage ENERGY SAVING HOME ABOUT US ENERGY SAVING TIPS FAQS FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION How can I save energy at home? Ans: You can save energy.. Can I get videos on energy saving? Ans: Membership is needed to get.. What is the method of gas saving? Ans: There are many ways to save gas.. What is the renewable energy? Ans: Renewable energy is the type Copy rights: Energy saving 2008. Fig: FAQs page www.energysavingnow.com [09.05.2008] How to measure number of reader: Websites are very measurable. However, reams of data can be time consuming and confusing. The knack is to know what is really important to measure. This includes the following: reader actions; reader numbers; most and least popular pages; subscribers; external links; search keywords; page size; broken links and malfunctioning processes. Reader numbers: A web counter or hit counter is a computer software program that indicates the number of visitors, or hits, a particular webpage has received. Once set up, these counters will be incremented by one every time the web page is accessed in a web browser. The number is usually displayed as an inline digital image or in plain text. Images may be presented in a variety of fonts, or styles; the classic example is the wheels of an odometer. The counter often is accompanied by the date it was set up or last reset, otherwise it becomes impossible to estimate within what time the number of page loads counted occurred. A webmaster could start the counter at a high number to give the impression that the site is more popular than it actually is or use a traffic generator to increase their hits automatically.Some websites have been known to offer prizes to the visitor who makes the web counter roll-over to a specific number. Such an event is known as a kiriban.At one time it was common to see a hit counter on every page, but this is no longer the case for several reasons: They have been replaced (or augmented) by more complicated web analytics methodologies that give the webmaster a better overall picture of site traffic besides a simple, perpetually increasing number. As style elements, they are no longer associated with the impression of professional web designsome people consider web counters to be a gimmicky feature and they are thus typically found on personal pages created by individuals. Too small a number might indicate the pages lack of popularity. Removing the counter thus levels the playing field. Despite this, numerous companies continue to offer free and premium web counter services. Some services also provide more detailed information on visitors, pages views, etc., using advanced techniques. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_counter [27.05.2008] Usefulness of the question and answer: FAQs contains different type question and answer about website described topics. From where visitors can get query answer easily. Before asking a question in a USENET newsgroup, check out the Appropriate FAQs. If you cant find the answer to your question There, then you can post your question to the newsgroup. Frequently Asked questions in a newsgroup tend to make the news hard to read. With more news traffic, there is more to sift through. Do everyone a Favor, first try to find the applicable FAQs. Then read them. If You cant find them, look for them. If you still cant find them, Ask where they are. Then read them. If after reading the appropriate FAQs, you still cant find the Answer to your question, then you can post your question to the Appropriate newsgroup. It is recommended that after you receive your Answer, you post a summary to the newsgroup. It might also be Nice to notify the maintainer of the appropriate FAQ(s) of the Answers so that they can update their articles accordingly (keep in Mind that they dont always have the time to scan the newsgroups for New information). Dont assume that the FAQ maintainer is willing or able to answer Every question he or she receives. Some make every attempt possible To answer as best as they can. Others either just gets too many Questions to deal with or theyre busy with other things. Please Keep this in mind it might be better to ask your question in a Newsgroup. www.faqs.org [27.05.2008] Method to publish FAQs: FAQs publish is the another vital fact to construct a website. In internet, many ways to publish FAQs. Some methods are: Internet website USENET newsgroup Commercial online services(CompuServe, America On Line, BIX, Prodigy, etc) Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) On the other hand my instruction is based on internet website FAQs then I should explain how to publish FAQs within website .The term FAQ has a meaning of its own that could almost qualify it as a word of its own. Sometimes, FAQs are full of answers. Other times they are policy statements for USENET groups, without the Question and Answer format that is popular. When website starts on in internet that time website contains some FAQs question and answer. Next time these question change according to site visitors inquiry. If a question comes many period than other question which should be insert with FAQs. A FAQs webpage holds question and answer, which is allied with homepage. Although FAQs page can contain indication link. Basic convention of FAQs The Approved heading is ONLY used when FAQs is actually approved. When notified by the news. Answers team that FAQ has been accepted, then it may add this line to header. DO NOT include this field until FAQs is approved. For a multi-line summary, the second line of the Summary field should start with at least one space. One blank line should appear before the Archive-name line. Archive-name should be fairly descriptive but short. If arent sure about this, take best shot at it and the *.answers team will adjust it if necessary. https://www.epcc.edu/FAQs/tabid/924/ctl/Terms/language/en-US/Default.aspx [27.05.2008] Conclusion: FAQs are compilations of information which are usually the result of certain questions constantly being asked in a newsgroup, mailing list, archives and in the World Wide Web. Bibliography www.superb.net [27.05.2008] www.faqs.org [27.05.2008] www.en.wikipedia.org [27.05.2008] www.epcc.edu [27.05.2008] www.acee.org [09.05.2008] www.1.eere.energy.gov [09.05.2008] www.windtrap.co.uk [09.05.2008] www.energyquest.ca.gov [09.05.2008] www.energystar.gov [09.05.2008] www.espenergy.org [09.05.2008] www.hi-velocity.com [09.05.2008] www.energysavingtrust.org.uk.com [09.05.2008] www.carbontrust.co.uk [09.05.2008]

The Theology Of Interruptions - Original Writing - 1304 Words

The Theology of Interruptions My life seems to consist of an unending series of interruptions that keep me from doing the job I originally thought was the priority for that day. At first, this was a constant irritation until I read a quote from a well- known Roman Catholic author, Henri Nouwen. He said, â€Å"My whole life I have been complaining that my work was constantly interrupted. Then as I neared the end of my life I discovered that the interruptions were my work.† (Reaching Out, 1986) Jesus lived with the highest and clearest sense of direction; yet, if we look more closely, His life was a continuous series of diversions, delays, and off- the-cuff plans. He paid attention to interruptions as he directed his life toward one overarching purpose and that was to get to Jerusalem and die. He noticed everything and everyone with an inner ear to the whispers of the Holy Spirit and the desires of His Heavenly Father. In the words of Mark Buchanan, â€Å"What’s more, He invited others to go an d do likewise.† Purposeful people have an ironic secret: â€Å"they manage time less and pay attention more.† (The Rest of God ,2006) During one of our extended winter vacations in Texas, I was invited to ride in the co-pilot’s seat and shadow my son-in-law Larry in his work as a helicopter pilot. For the two days, I became part of a crewShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Dorothy L. Sayers s The Mind Of The Maker 1698 Words   |  7 Pageshumanoid anthropology: man who includes the ‘male’ and ‘female’. Humans bear the similarity of God in their aptitude to build. Construction, as we Humans comprehend it, is a threefold progression, which gives a vision into the triad of methodical theology. The three-fold design of the triad and of the inventive progression is the ‘outline of the Universe’. 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